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Cicero's ''De fato'' (Latin, "Concerning Fate") is a partially lost philosophical treatise written in 44 BC. It takes the form of a dialogue whose interlocutors are Cicero and his friend Aulus Hirtius. In the work, Cicero analyzes the concept of Fate, and suggests that free will is a condition of Fate.〔Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Trans. C.D. Yonge (''The treatises of M.T. Cicero: On the nature of the gods; On divination; On fate; On the republic; On the laws; and On standing for the consulship.'' pg. 264. London G. Bell, 1878. Web. )〕〔Cicero, ''De fato''. I.〕 Cicero, however, does not consciously deal with the distinction between fatalism and determinism.〔(Henry, Margaret Y. ''Cicero's Treatment of the Free Will Problem.'' Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 58 pp. 32-42. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1927. Web. )〕 It appears that ''De Fato'' is an appendix to the treatise on theology formed by the three books of ''De Natura Deorum'' and the two books of ''De Divinatione''.〔Cicero. ''On the Orator: Book 3. On Fate. Stoic Paradoxes. Divisions of Oratory,'' pg. 189. Translated by H. Rackham. Loeb Classical Library 349. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942.〕 These three books provide important information regarding Stoic cosmology and theology.〔(Colish, Marcia. ''The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages, Volume 1'', pg 109 )〕 ==Argumentation== Hirtius notes that Cicero has adopted the Academic method of investigation: arguing against all propositions.〔Cicero, ''De fato.'' II.〕 Therefore, he outlines the positions of Democritus, Heraclitus, Empedocles, and Aristotle as those who maintained that everything happens by necessity. As such Cicero develops the propositions of fate and necessity as follows: Cicero essentially dismisses this proposition as antithetical to what is observed, but postulates freedom as a necessity for moral life.〔 This dismissal can be conjectured to be one made by Epicurus against Diogenes of Oenoanda.〔 Ultimately, Cicero maintains this position as he is emotionally convinced that it is in man's power to achieve virtue for himself; if determinism were the order of things, then such ability would not be true.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「De fato」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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